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Pioneer

Introduction from The Louisiana State Museum.

The Pioneer, built in New Orleans in 1862, was a Confederate privateer submarine with a three man crew. It was built in 1861-62 by John K. Scott, Robert F. Barrow, Baxter Watson & James R. McClintock. It was commissioned by the Confederate government to cruise the high seas and rivers and destroy any vessels opposed to the Southern War for Independence. Its physical description is here quoted from its official Confederate Letter of Marque:

"Said vessel was built in New Orleans in the year 1862; is a propeller; is 34 feet in length; is 4 feet breadth; is 4 feet deep. She measures about 4 tons; has round, conical ends and is painted black."

Across the river at Leeds foundry, steam gauge manufacturers James McClintock and Baxter Watson constructed a submarine to use against Union gunboats patrolling Lake Pontchartrain. They would eventually partner with Horace L. Hunley, a wealthy lawyer and customs agent, to build a submarine with a menacing, streamlined appearance. After the war, McClintock described the vessel he and his partners christened the Pioneer.

"She was made of iron Ľ inch thick. The boat was of a cigar shape 30 feet long and 4 feet in diameter. This boat demonstrated to us that we could construct a boat that would move at will in any direction desired, and at any distance from the surface. As we were unable to see objects passing under the water, the boat was steered by compass".

In March of 1862, the Pioneer's owners were granted a letter of marque by the Confederate government. A month later, New Orleans fell to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron commanded by David Glasgow Farragut. In the ensuing turmoil, the Pioneer was scuttled in the New Basin Canal.

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Size	Image Description	Contributed By/ Source
253k	The Confederate submarine *Pioneer's* measured drawings given to William Shock, Fleet Engineer of the Western Gulf Blockading Squadron in 1862.	Photo courtesy of National Archives / lsm.crt.state.la.us.
44k	The Confederate submarine *Pioneer* drawn by Ensign David M. Stauffer of the Mississippi Squadron, 1865.	Photo courtesy of lsm.crt.state.la.us.
71k	The Confederate submarine thought to be the *Pioneer* was found in 1878, but the one shown here is actually a different model. The following text and photos dealing with a Civil War Era sub appear at Louisiana State Museum The history of the museum's submarine can be traced to 1878 when it was removed from Lake Pontchartrain and placed on the levee by a dredge crew working near the mouth of Bayou St. John. For years after its recovery, the boat lay neglected on the lakeshore. By 1895, it was placed on display at Spanish Fort where it became a prominent landmark. A period of neglect followed, during which the submarine was taken from its wooden stand at the Fort and left lying in the weeds. A remaining propeller blade was removed by vandals and large areas of loss appeared along the lower hull. Later, in 1908, it was moved to the Camp Nicholls Confederate Home on Bayou St. John. In 1942, it was acquired by the State Museum and moved to Jackson Square. Some years later the museum transferred it into the lower Pontalba Building, where it was featured in a "Defense Exhibit." It was eventually moved under the Presbytere arcade in 1957 before being transferred to the conservatory in December of 1999. The Louisiana State Museum submarine once was thought to have an identity. It was believed to be the *Pioneer, a vessel built in New Orleans by a group led by Horace Hunley, a wealthy lawyer and customs agent. Recent findings in the National Archives, however, have proven otherwise. The Pioneer* was established by a letter of marque by the Confederate government as a privateer in March of 1862. Only a month later, however, New Orleans fell to David Glasgow Farragut, commander of the West Gulf Blockading Squadron, and the *Pioneer* was scuttled in a New Orleans canal. When the submarine was discovered, a team of Union experts examined it and prepared measured drawings to be sent to Washington for further study. It was these drawings and descriptions, found only three years ago by naval historian Mark Ragan, that showed the *Pioneer* to be a different vessel than the one owned by the State Museum. While the *Pioneer* was described as cigar shaped, 30 feet long and 4 feet in diameter, the New Orleans submarine is shaped more like a pumpkinseed, and is 20 feet long, 3 feet wide and 6 feet deep. The submarine still has a propeller shaft and gear that were part of its propulsion system. It was powered by two people who either hand cranked or pedaled the propeller. In the bow of the vessel were controls for a third man to adjust the diving planes and the bow and stern rudders. There is evidence of a sophisticated system to turn the bow and stern rudders simultaneously. Louisiana State Museum Submarine is shown at the Spanish Fort on Lake Ponchartrain, northeast of New orleans, about 1880. Her propeller hub (without blades) is on the stern at the left, the rudder and diving planes are in the bow, at right.	Photo & partial text courtesy of U.S. Submarines Through 1945, An Illustrated Design History by Norman Friedman. Naval Institute Press.
48k	The Louisiana State Museum Submarine at the Spanish Fort Amusment Park, circa 1895.	Photo by George Mungier / courtesy of lsm.crt.state.la.us.
152k	The Louisiana State Museum Submarine being transported from the Presbytere arcade to the Euphrosyne Conservation Center, December 1999.	Photo courtesy of Louisiana State Museum.
131k	Photo 1 of CAD drawing of the *Pioneer*.	Photo courtesy of Walter M Hines. Photo added 06/10/09.
84k	Photo 2 of CAD drawing of the *Pioneer*.	Photo courtesy of Walter M Hines. Photo added 06/10/09.
200k	CAD drawings of the *Pioneer*.	Photo courtesy of Walter M Hines. Photo added 06/10/09.

Additional Resources and Web Sites of Interest
United States Navy Submarine Centennial Chronology
PIONEER A Working Remote Control Model of the Confederacy's First Submarine
History of the Pioneer / Louisiana State Museum Submarine
HISTORIC SUBMARINE DOCUMENTARY AND TRAINING FILMS

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